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Battle of Valmy
The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. The action took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris. Generals François Kellermann and Charles Dumouriez stopped the advance near the northern village of Valmy in Champagne-Ardenne.
In this early part of the Revolutionary Wars—known as the War of the First Coalition—the new French government was in almost every way unproven, and thus the small, localized victory at Valmy became a huge psychological victory for the Revolution at large.〔Soboul, p.269.〕 The battle was considered a miraculous event and a "decisive defeat" for the vaunted Prussian army.〔Horne, p. 197.〕 After the battle, the newly assembled National Convention was emboldened enough to formally declare the end of monarchy in France and the establishment of the First French Republic. Valmy permitted the development of the Revolution and all its resultant ripple effects, and for that it is regarded as one of the most significant battles of all time.〔Creasy, p.328ff.〕〔Lann, p. 145.〕
==Background==
As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. In the war's early encounters, French troops did not distinguish themselves,〔Creasy, p.330.〕 and enemy forces advanced dangerously deep into France intending to pacify the country, restore the traditional monarchy, and end the Revolution. King Frederick William II of Prussia had the support of Great Britain and the Austrian Empire to send the Duke of Brunswick towards Paris with a large army. Brunswick's allied invasion force of veteran Prussian and Austrian troops was augmented by large complements of Hessians and the French royalist Army of Condé.〔Creasy, p.334.〕 The French commander Dumouriez, meanwhile, had been marching his army northeast to attack the Austrian Netherlands, but this plan was abandoned because of the more immediate threat to Paris.〔
Just over half of the infantry of Dumouriez's army were regulars of the old Royal Army, as were nearly all of the cavalry and, most importantly, the artillery.〔Price, p. 311.〕 These provided a professional core to steady the enthusiastic volunteer battalions raised in June and July 1791.〔Crowdy, pp. 8, 24.〕
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